New Pattern Cloze Test for SBI PO, IBPS PO and Competitive exams
New Pattern Cloze Test for SBI PO, IBPS PO, NIACL and various upcoming bank and insurance exams. Solve New Pattern Cloze Test. Test yourself now
In the passage given below there are 10 blanks, each followed by a word given in bold. Even blank has four alternative words given in options (A),(B),(C) and (D). You have to tell which word will best suit the respective blank. Mark (E) as your answer if the work given in bold after the blank is your answer i.e “No change required”.
INDIA’S experiment with affirmative action is the world’s oldest. Known locally as “reservation” policy it is an elaborate quota system for public jobs, places in publicly funded colleges—like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT)—and in most elected assemblies. These are (1)______ [copious] members of designated, disadvantaged groups.
There are two main intended (2) ______ [inheritors] . Arguably more neglected are the 100m adivasi, the 8% of India’s population counted as “Scheduled Tribes”. Many live in remote or forested corners. Probably more repressed for the centuries in which Hinduism’s noxious caste practice has prevailed however are the Dalits, formerly “untouchables”. Shunned by other Hindus as polluted for their labours, which included the clearing human and other waste, Dalits remain generally poor and discriminated against. To officials they are members of the “Scheduled Castes”.
India’s constitution of 1950 (3)_____ [diluted] the idea of discrimination as a means to help both “scheduled” groups, which was to build on limited quotas for jobs and education that were used in parts of British-run India from the 1920s. It proposed that the policy exist for a decade to see what progress would be made, but without (4)_____ [spelling] out how to measure it. The provision has been (5)______ [reborn] without fuss every decade since.
Rather than (6)______ [dispute] whether the practices help, politicians focus on extending them to new blocks of voters. By the late 1980s, after a commission of inquiry, lowly but non-“scheduled” Hindu castes, known collectively as the OBCs for “Other Backward Classes”, some 27% of the population, also got quotas. The result: in individual states such as Tamil Nadu or within the north-east, where backward populations predominate, over 80% of government jobs are set aside in quotas, despite a Supreme Court ruling that 50% ought to be the maximum.
Muslims want quotas too, but lack political (7)______ [will] to force them. Women have had a hand up in the political realm: a third of all seats in local elected bodies are reserved for them, after a 1993 constitutional amendment. A bill, supported by Sonia Gandhi, India’s most powerful politician, would see it applied it in the national parliament too.
The various quotas have partly achieved their most basic tasks. In public jobs members of backward groups claim more posts than of old. Dalits had just 1.6% of the most senior (“Group A”) civil servant positions in 1965, for example. That rose to 11.5% by 2011, not far off the 16% or so of the general population that Dalits represent. The share is higher for more junior posts.
Judging a broader impact is harder. Very few Indians have formal jobs, let alone government ones. “The policy only matters for perhaps 2% of the Indian work force”, points out Harsh Shrivastava of the World Development Forum, a think-tank in Delhi. Other than in tweaking quotas (to reflect the local size of a “scheduled” population) states have never experimented, nor competed, to find out whether their jobs policies have any wider, beneficial impact.
Worse, the policy has probably helped to make India’s bureaucracy increasingly rotten—and it was already one of the country’s greater burdens. An obsession with making the ranks of public servants (8)_______ [applicable] , not capable, makes it too hard to (9)____ [sack] dysfunctional or corrupt bureaucrats. Nor will this improve. In December 2012 parliament’s upper house passed a bill ordering that bureaucrats be promoted not on merit alone, but to lift the backward castes faster.
Private firms are not directly affected, but a few take voluntary measures. The biggest of all, the Tata conglomerate, which employs over 350,000, does in-house surveys to assess its Dalit and tribal work force. Tata gives incentives, setting lower requirements for exam marks, for Dalit and tribal job applicants. Most generally, however, formal jobs in tech and outsourcing firms, for example, are valued in part because they are (10) _________ [caste-deprived].
- A) stuffed with
B) filled by
C) abundant with
D) augmented by
E) No Change Required
- A) possessors
B) consignee
C) proprietor
D) beneficiaries
E) No Change Required
- A) enshrined
B) celebrated
C) digested
D) broke
E) No Change Required
- A) picking
B) procuring
C) purpose
D) touch
E) No Change Required
- A) repaired
B) added
C) renewed
D) hopeful
E) No Change Required
- A) debate
B) peace
C) agreement
D) ruffle
E) No Change Required
- A) license
B) jurisdiction
C) strike
D) clout
E) No Change Required
- A) exemplary
B) representative
C) imperfect
D) steward
E) No Change Required
- A) sink
B) absorb
C) doss
D) develop
E) No Change Required
- A) caste- lovers
B) caste-blind
C) caste- obsessed
D) caste- finders
E) No Change Required
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7