English Sectional Test 2 for SBI PO 2017 Prelim Exam

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: According to the passage, what is the name for the familial inclination to have hypersensitivity to certain allergens?

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: Why does a person suffering from an asthma attack attempt to inhale more air?

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: The passage suggests that in the past, asthma was regarded as which of the following?

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: Which of the following would be the best replacement for the underlined word EXACERBATIONS in this passage?

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: The passage mentions all of the following bodily changes during an asthma attack EXCEPT

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: Although it is surprising, which of the following triggers is mentioned in the passage as possibly reducing the symptoms of asthma in some patients?

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: Why might a patient with asthma have an apparently normal respiratory system during an examination by a doctor?

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: Who might be the most logical audience for this passage?

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: What is the reason given in this article for why passive smoke should be avoided by children?

Direction (1-10): Read the following passage and answer the questions that follows.

No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways—that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyperresponsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma.

Question: Find the word which means MOST OPPOSITE to UNDERLYING as mentioned in the passage?

Direction (11-18): In the passage given below there are 5 blanks, each followed by a word given in bracket. Even blank has four alternative words given in options (A),(B),(C) and (D). You have to tell which word will best suit the respective blank. Mark (E) as your answer if the work given in bold after the blank is your answer i.e “No change required”.

Surely, Asia has (11)______ [less] infrastructure. Everywhere you look it seems there are new roads, subways, airports, and power plants. But that’s only part of the story. More than 400 million people in the region go without electricity, and as much as 30% of electricity generated in countries like Nepal and Cambodia is (12)______ [generated] in transmission and distribution. Many roads are low quality and dangerous for motorists and pedestrians alike. Around 300 million Asians still have no access to safe, clean drinking water, including half the rural populations of Afghanistan, Kiribati and Papua New Guinea. Roughly 1.5 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities (13)____ [much] as toilets.

The need for more infrastructure is (14)_______ [improving] the capacity of countries to fund it. Though nearly $900 billion is spent a year on infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific, that’s substantially less than the $1.5 trillion that ADB estimates the region needs annually from 2016 until 2030 to keep (15)_______ [charged] with economic growth. The estimated annual need rises to $1.7 trillion when climate change impacts are (16)______ [sliced] in. If this problem is not addressed, subpar infrastructure will stunt economic growth. Power (17)______ [generation] hurt factory productivity; bad roads, ports and airports stifle flows of people, goods, and services across cities, countries, and regions. The traffic jams (18)______ [plaguing] Asia’s cities have huge economic and environmental costs. Bad health limits opportunities: How can parents give children the schooling they need to find a good job when they don’t even have clean water?

Which word should come in place of (11)?

Direction (11-18): In the passage given below there are 5 blanks, each followed by a word given in bracket. Even blank has four alternative words given in options (A),(B),(C) and (D). You have to tell which word will best suit the respective blank. Mark (E) as your answer if the work given in bold after the blank is your answer i.e “No change required”.

Surely, Asia has (11)______ [less] infrastructure. Everywhere you look it seems there are new roads, subways, airports, and power plants. But that’s only part of the story. More than 400 million people in the region go without electricity, and as much as 30% of electricity generated in countries like Nepal and Cambodia is (12)______ [generated] in transmission and distribution. Many roads are low quality and dangerous for motorists and pedestrians alike. Around 300 million Asians still have no access to safe, clean drinking water, including half the rural populations of Afghanistan, Kiribati and Papua New Guinea. Roughly 1.5 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities (13)____ [much] as toilets.

The need for more infrastructure is (14)_______ [improving] the capacity of countries to fund it. Though nearly $900 billion is spent a year on infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific, that’s substantially less than the $1.5 trillion that ADB estimates the region needs annually from 2016 until 2030 to keep (15)_______ [charged] with economic growth. The estimated annual need rises to $1.7 trillion when climate change impacts are (16)______ [sliced] in. If this problem is not addressed, subpar infrastructure will stunt economic growth. Power (17)______ [generation] hurt factory productivity; bad roads, ports and airports stifle flows of people, goods, and services across cities, countries, and regions. The traffic jams (18)______ [plaguing] Asia’s cities have huge economic and environmental costs. Bad health limits opportunities: How can parents give children the schooling they need to find a good job when they don’t even have clean water?

Which word should come in place of (12)?

Direction (11-18): In the passage given below there are 5 blanks, each followed by a word given in bracket. Even blank has four alternative words given in options (A),(B),(C) and (D). You have to tell which word will best suit the respective blank. Mark (E) as your answer if the work given in bold after the blank is your answer i.e “No change required”.

Surely, Asia has (11)______ [less] infrastructure. Everywhere you look it seems there are new roads, subways, airports, and power plants. But that’s only part of the story. More than 400 million people in the region go without electricity, and as much as 30% of electricity generated in countries like Nepal and Cambodia is (12)______ [generated] in transmission and distribution. Many roads are low quality and dangerous for motorists and pedestrians alike. Around 300 million Asians still have no access to safe, clean drinking water, including half the rural populations of Afghanistan, Kiribati and Papua New Guinea. Roughly 1.5 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities (13)____ [much] as toilets.

The need for more infrastructure is (14)_______ [improving] the capacity of countries to fund it. Though nearly $900 billion is spent a year on infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific, that’s substantially less than the $1.5 trillion that ADB estimates the region needs annually from 2016 until 2030 to keep (15)_______ [charged] with economic growth. The estimated annual need rises to $1.7 trillion when climate change impacts are (16)______ [sliced] in. If this problem is not addressed, subpar infrastructure will stunt economic growth. Power (17)______ [generation] hurt factory productivity; bad roads, ports and airports stifle flows of people, goods, and services across cities, countries, and regions. The traffic jams (18)______ [plaguing] Asia’s cities have huge economic and environmental costs. Bad health limits opportunities: How can parents give children the schooling they need to find a good job when they don’t even have clean water?

Which word should come in place of (13)?

Direction (11-18): In the passage given below there are 5 blanks, each followed by a word given in bracket. Even blank has four alternative words given in options (A),(B),(C) and (D). You have to tell which word will best suit the respective blank. Mark (E) as your answer if the work given in bold after the blank is your answer i.e “No change required”.

Surely, Asia has (11)______ [less] infrastructure. Everywhere you look it seems there are new roads, subways, airports, and power plants. But that’s only part of the story. More than 400 million people in the region go without electricity, and as much as 30% of electricity generated in countries like Nepal and Cambodia is (12)______ [generated] in transmission and distribution. Many roads are low quality and dangerous for motorists and pedestrians alike. Around 300 million Asians still have no access to safe, clean drinking water, including half the rural populations of Afghanistan, Kiribati and Papua New Guinea. Roughly 1.5 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities (13)____ [much] as toilets.

The need for more infrastructure is (14)_______ [improving] the capacity of countries to fund it. Though nearly $900 billion is spent a year on infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific, that’s substantially less than the $1.5 trillion that ADB estimates the region needs annually from 2016 until 2030 to keep (15)_______ [charged] with economic growth. The estimated annual need rises to $1.7 trillion when climate change impacts are (16)______ [sliced] in. If this problem is not addressed, subpar infrastructure will stunt economic growth. Power (17)______ [generation] hurt factory productivity; bad roads, ports and airports stifle flows of people, goods, and services across cities, countries, and regions. The traffic jams (18)______ [plaguing] Asia’s cities have huge economic and environmental costs. Bad health limits opportunities: How can parents give children the schooling they need to find a good job when they don’t even have clean water?

Which word should come in place of (14)?

Direction (11-18): In the passage given below there are 5 blanks, each followed by a word given in bracket. Even blank has four alternative words given in options (A),(B),(C) and (D). You have to tell which word will best suit the respective blank. Mark (E) as your answer if the work given in bold after the blank is your answer i.e “No change required”.

Surely, Asia has (11)______ [less] infrastructure. Everywhere you look it seems there are new roads, subways, airports, and power plants. But that’s only part of the story. More than 400 million people in the region go without electricity, and as much as 30% of electricity generated in countries like Nepal and Cambodia is (12)______ [generated] in transmission and distribution. Many roads are low quality and dangerous for motorists and pedestrians alike. Around 300 million Asians still have no access to safe, clean drinking water, including half the rural populations of Afghanistan, Kiribati and Papua New Guinea. Roughly 1.5 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities (13)____ [much] as toilets.

The need for more infrastructure is (14)_______ [improving] the capacity of countries to fund it. Though nearly $900 billion is spent a year on infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific, that’s substantially less than the $1.5 trillion that ADB estimates the region needs annually from 2016 until 2030 to keep (15)_______ [charged] with economic growth. The estimated annual need rises to $1.7 trillion when climate change impacts are (16)______ [sliced] in. If this problem is not addressed, subpar infrastructure will stunt economic growth. Power (17)______ [generation] hurt factory productivity; bad roads, ports and airports stifle flows of people, goods, and services across cities, countries, and regions. The traffic jams (18)______ [plaguing] Asia’s cities have huge economic and environmental costs. Bad health limits opportunities: How can parents give children the schooling they need to find a good job when they don’t even have clean water?

Which word should come in place of (15)?

Direction (11-18): In the passage given below there are 5 blanks, each followed by a word given in bracket. Even blank has four alternative words given in options (A),(B),(C) and (D). You have to tell which word will best suit the respective blank. Mark (E) as your answer if the work given in bold after the blank is your answer i.e “No change required”.

Surely, Asia has (11)______ [less] infrastructure. Everywhere you look it seems there are new roads, subways, airports, and power plants. But that’s only part of the story. More than 400 million people in the region go without electricity, and as much as 30% of electricity generated in countries like Nepal and Cambodia is (12)______ [generated] in transmission and distribution. Many roads are low quality and dangerous for motorists and pedestrians alike. Around 300 million Asians still have no access to safe, clean drinking water, including half the rural populations of Afghanistan, Kiribati and Papua New Guinea. Roughly 1.5 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities (13)____ [much] as toilets.

The need for more infrastructure is (14)_______ [improving] the capacity of countries to fund it. Though nearly $900 billion is spent a year on infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific, that’s substantially less than the $1.5 trillion that ADB estimates the region needs annually from 2016 until 2030 to keep (15)_______ [charged] with economic growth. The estimated annual need rises to $1.7 trillion when climate change impacts are (16)______ [sliced] in. If this problem is not addressed, subpar infrastructure will stunt economic growth. Power (17)______ [generation] hurt factory productivity; bad roads, ports and airports stifle flows of people, goods, and services across cities, countries, and regions. The traffic jams (18)______ [plaguing] Asia’s cities have huge economic and environmental costs. Bad health limits opportunities: How can parents give children the schooling they need to find a good job when they don’t even have clean water?

Which word should come in place of (16)?

Direction (11-18): In the passage given below there are 5 blanks, each followed by a word given in bracket. Even blank has four alternative words given in options (A),(B),(C) and (D). You have to tell which word will best suit the respective blank. Mark (E) as your answer if the work given in bold after the blank is your answer i.e “No change required”.

Surely, Asia has (11)______ [less] infrastructure. Everywhere you look it seems there are new roads, subways, airports, and power plants. But that’s only part of the story. More than 400 million people in the region go without electricity, and as much as 30% of electricity generated in countries like Nepal and Cambodia is (12)______ [generated] in transmission and distribution. Many roads are low quality and dangerous for motorists and pedestrians alike. Around 300 million Asians still have no access to safe, clean drinking water, including half the rural populations of Afghanistan, Kiribati and Papua New Guinea. Roughly 1.5 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities (13)____ [much] as toilets.

The need for more infrastructure is (14)_______ [improving] the capacity of countries to fund it. Though nearly $900 billion is spent a year on infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific, that’s substantially less than the $1.5 trillion that ADB estimates the region needs annually from 2016 until 2030 to keep (15)_______ [charged] with economic growth. The estimated annual need rises to $1.7 trillion when climate change impacts are (16)______ [sliced] in. If this problem is not addressed, subpar infrastructure will stunt economic growth. Power (17)______ [generation] hurt factory productivity; bad roads, ports and airports stifle flows of people, goods, and services across cities, countries, and regions. The traffic jams (18)______ [plaguing] Asia’s cities have huge economic and environmental costs. Bad health limits opportunities: How can parents give children the schooling they need to find a good job when they don’t even have clean water?

Which word should come in place of (17)?

Direction (11-18): In the passage given below there are 5 blanks, each followed by a word given in bracket. Even blank has four alternative words given in options (A),(B),(C) and (D). You have to tell which word will best suit the respective blank. Mark (E) as your answer if the work given in bold after the blank is your answer i.e “No change required”.

Surely, Asia has (11)______ [less] infrastructure. Everywhere you look it seems there are new roads, subways, airports, and power plants. But that’s only part of the story. More than 400 million people in the region go without electricity, and as much as 30% of electricity generated in countries like Nepal and Cambodia is (12)______ [generated] in transmission and distribution. Many roads are low quality and dangerous for motorists and pedestrians alike. Around 300 million Asians still have no access to safe, clean drinking water, including half the rural populations of Afghanistan, Kiribati and Papua New Guinea. Roughly 1.5 billion people lack basic sanitation facilities (13)____ [much] as toilets.

The need for more infrastructure is (14)_______ [improving] the capacity of countries to fund it. Though nearly $900 billion is spent a year on infrastructure in Asia and the Pacific, that’s substantially less than the $1.5 trillion that ADB estimates the region needs annually from 2016 until 2030 to keep (15)_______ [charged] with economic growth. The estimated annual need rises to $1.7 trillion when climate change impacts are (16)______ [sliced] in. If this problem is not addressed, subpar infrastructure will stunt economic growth. Power (17)______ [generation] hurt factory productivity; bad roads, ports and airports stifle flows of people, goods, and services across cities, countries, and regions. The traffic jams (18)______ [plaguing] Asia’s cities have huge economic and environmental costs. Bad health limits opportunities: How can parents give children the schooling they need to find a good job when they don’t even have clean water?

Which word should come in place of (18)?

Direction (19-25) : Identify which part of the sentence contains error and mark it as your answer.

The general said his (1)/ mutinous troops that they had (2)/ brought disgrace upon (3)/ a famous regiment.(4)

Direction (19-25) : Identify which part of the sentence contains error and mark it as your answer.

Youth is the (1)/ time when the (2)/ seeds of character (3)/ is sown. (4)

Direction (19-25) : Identify which part of the sentence contains error and mark it as your answer.

Little good work (1)/ can be expected (2)/ from men which (3)/ are great boasters.(4)

Direction (19-25) : Identify which part of the sentence contains error and mark it as your answer.

The Swiss regarded (1)/ him as an (2)/ imposter and called (3)/ him a villain.(4)

Direction (19-25) : Identify which part of the sentence contains error and mark it as your answer.

In spite of (1)/ his popularity he (2)/ cannot be call (3)/ a great writer.(4)

Direction (19-25) : Identify which part of the sentence contains error and mark it as your answer.

Requiring school children (1)/ turning up to their (2)/ midday meal to flash their (3)/ Aadhar cards is absurd. (4)

Direction (19-25) : Identify which part of the sentence contains error and mark it as your answer.

The master requested (1)/ that they would (2)/ attend careful to (3)/ what he was saying. (4)

Direction (26-30): In the question below two blanks are given. You have to fill the blank with the words given in the option to form a meaningful sentence.

The proposed housing affordability package in the May budget will ______ people relying on social housing as well as those _____ to break into the market.

Direction (26-30): In the question below two blanks are given. You have to fill the blank with the words given in the option to form a meaningful sentence.

Scientists have _______a way to mass-produce tiny diamond crystals shaped like needles and threads, which may _______ next generation of quantum computing.

Direction (26-30): In the question below two blanks are given. You have to fill the blank with the words given in the option to form a meaningful sentence.

One health emergency is all it takes to ______a family that has pulled itself out of poverty _____ into the abyss.

Direction (26-30): In the question below two blanks are given. You have to fill the blank with the words given in the option to form a meaningful sentence.

Solar cells _____ a lot of land area, and land is growing ______ on a heavily populated planet.

Direction (26-30): In the question below two blanks are given. You have to fill the blank with the words given in the option to form a meaningful sentence.

The ‘quantum entanglement’ technology _______someone holding a particle to send, instantaneously, a chunk of information to someone else ______the other particle.